Estes JA, February 2002, What's Wrong with the California Sea Otter? http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2002/02/research.html

Forney KA, Benson SR, Cameron GA (2001) Central California gillnet effort and bycatch of sensitive species, 1990-1998. In: Proceedings - Seabird Bycatch: Trends, Roadblocks, and Solutions. University of Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-01-01, p 141-160.

Kannan K, Guruge KS, Thomas NJ, Tanabe S, Giesy JP (1998) Butyltin residues in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found dead along California coastal waters. Environmental Science & Technology 32:1169-1175.

Marine Mammal Commission (2004) Annual Report to Congress 2003. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, Maryland. http://www.mmc.gov/reports/annual/pdf/2003annualreport.pdf

Ralls K, Hatfield BB, Siniff DB (1995) Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:523-531

Rosenthal BM, Lindsay DS, Dubey JP (2001) Relationships among Sarcocystis species transmitted by New World opossums (Didelphis spp.). Veterinary Parasitology 95:133-142

Thomas N (2001) Sea otter mortality. USGS-NWHC Information Sheet. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/whats_new/fact_sheet/fact_sea_otter.pdf

Plant thermal discharge plume on the distribution and behavior of sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis): a preliminary study.

http://www.sanctuarymonitoring.org/
regional_sections/marineMammals/project_info.php?pid=100292&sec=mm

California Sea Otter Survey.

http://www.sanctuarymonitoring.org/
regional_sections/marineMammals/project_info.php?pid=100172&sec=mm

Pt. Lobos State Reserve Otter Survey.

http://www.sanctuarymonitoring.org/
regional_sections/marineMammals/project_info.php?pid=100219&sec=mm

A Literature Review To Characterize Environmental Contaminants That May Affect The Southern Sea Otter.

http://www.sanctuarymonitoring.org/
regional_sections/marineMammals/project_info.php?pid=100255&sec=mm

Nutritional Constraints on Sea Otters in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.

http://www.sanctuarymonitoring.org/
regional_sections/marineMammals/project_info.php?pid=100263&sec=mm

California Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Sea Otter Research. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ospr/organizational/scientific/seaotter.htm

Defenders of Wildlife, Sea Otter website. http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/new/seaotters.html

Friends of the Sea Otter. http://www.seaotters.org/

Marine Mammal Commission, Species of Special Concern. http://www.mmc.gov/species/specialconcern.html

Monterey Bay Aquarium, Aquarium Exhibits, Sea Otter Exhibit. http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/otter.asp

Monterey Bay Aquarium, Conservation & Research, Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program (SORAC). http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/sorac.asp

The Otter Project http://www.otterproject.org/site/pp.asp?c=8pIKIYMIG&b=28098

UC Davis, Wildlife Health Center, Sea Otter Research Summary. http://www.seaotterresearch.org/

U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, California Sea Otter Stranding Network. http://www.werc.usgs.gov/otters/strandings.html

Figure 2. Geographic distribution of the southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis.¹
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Figure 3. 3-year running averages of USGS Spring Sea Otter Surveys 1983-2004 http://www.werc.usgs.gov/otters/ca-survey3yr.html
Download full-size figure (952 KB PDF).