Allen SG, Peaslee SC, Huber
HR (1989) Colonization by northern elephant seals
of the Point Reyes Peninsula, California. Marine
Mammal Science 5:298-302.
Antonelis GJ, Fiscus C (1980)
The Pinnipeds of the California Current. CalCOFI
Report 21:68-78. Download PDF document
Beckmen, K. B., Lowenstine,
L. J., Newman, J., Hill, J., Hanni, K. and Gerber,
J. 1997. Clinical and pathological characterization
of northern elephant seal skin disease. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases, 33(3): 438-449.
Brownell RJ, DeLong R, Schreiber
R (1974) Pinniped populations at Islas de Guadalupe,
San Benito, Cedros, and Natividad, Baja California,
in 1968. Journal of Mammalogy 55:469-472.
Carretta JV (2002) Preliminary
estimates of cetacean mortality in California gillnet
fisheries for 2001. Southwest Fisheries Science
Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service,
La Jolla, CA.. http://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/PRD/CMMP/OtherReports/SC-54-SM12.pdf
Costa DP, Crocker DE, Waples
DM, Webb PM, Gedamke J, Houser D, Goley PD, Le Boeuf
B, Calambokidis J (1998) The California Marine
Mammal Research Program of the Acoustic Thermometry of
Ocean Climate experiment. Potential effects of
low frequency sound on distribution and behavior of
marine mammals. In: Magoon OR, Converse H, Baird
B, Miller-Henson M (eds) California and World Ocean
'97: Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resources:
An Agenda for the Future, Vol 2. ASCE, Reston, VA,
p 1542-1553.
Folkens P, Reeves RR, Stewart
BS, Clapham PJ, Powell JA (2002) National Audubon
Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred
A. Knopf, New York, NY.
Gerber JA, Roletto J, Morgan
LE, Smith DM, Gage LJ (1993) Findings in pinnipeds
stranded along the central and northern California
coast, 1984-1990. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:423-433.
Goldstein T, Johnson SP, Phillips
AV, Hanni KD, Fauquier DA, Gulland FMD (1999) Human-related
injuries observed in live stranded pinnipeds along
the central California coast 1986-1998. Aquatic
Mammals 25:43-51.
Hanni KD, Pyle P (2000) Entanglement
of pinnipeds in synthetic materials at South-east
Farallon Island, California, 1976-1998. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 40:1076-1081.
Hatfield BB, Rathbun GB (1999)
Interactions between northern elephant seals and
vehicles near point Piedras Blancas, California.
Marine Mammal Science 15:598-600.
Hedrick PW (1995) Elephant
seals and the estimation of a population bottleneck.
Journal of Heredity 86:232-235.
Hoelzel AR, Fleischer RC,
Campagna C, Le Boeuf BJ, Alvord G (2002) Impact of a population
bottleneck on symmetry and genetic diversity in
the northern elephant seal. Journal of Evolutionary
Biology 15:567-575.
Huber HR, Rovetta AC, Fry
LA, Johnston S (1991) Age-specific natality of northern
elephant seals at the South Farallon Islands, California.
Journal of Mammalogy 72:525-534.
Julian F, Beeson M (1998)
Estimates of marine mammal, turtle, and seabird mortality
for two California gillnet fisheries: 1990-1995.
Fishery Bulletin 96:271-284.
Le Boeuf BJ, Laws RM (1994)
Elephant seals: Population ecology, behavior, and
physiology. University of California Press, Berkeley,
CA. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7b69p131/
Le Boeuf BJ, Morris PA, Blackwell
SB, Crocker DE, Costa DP (1996) Diving behavior
of juvenile northern elephant seals. Canadian Journal
of Zoology 74:1632-1644.
Lowry MS, Perryman WL, Lynn
MS, Westlake RL, Julian F (1996) Counts of northern
elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, from large-format
aerial photographs taken at rookeries in southern
California during the breeding season. U S National
Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 94:176-185.
Oliver GW, Morris PA, Thorson
PH, Le Boeuf BJ (1998) Homing Behavior of juvenile
northern elephant seals. Marine Mammal Science
14:245-256.
Stewart BS (1997) Ontogeny
of differential migration and sexual segregation
in northern elephant seals. Journal of Mammalogy
78:1101-1116.
Stewart BS, Huber HR (1993)
Mammalian species: Mirounga angustirostris.
American Journal of Mammalogists 449:1-10.
Stewart BS, Yochem PK (1984)
Seasonal abundance of pinnipeds at San Nicolas Island
California USA 1980-1982. Bulletin Southern California
Academy of Sciences 83:121-132.
More
Information on SIMoN
Monterey Bay National
Marine Sanctuary, SIMoN, Long-term Monitoring Project:
Figure 1. Location of current
breeding colonies of the northern elephant seal Mirounga
angustirostris in U.S. and Mexican waters.2
Isla Guadalupe (marked with an asterisks) is the only
colony that persisted during commercial hunting in
the 1800s. The year that a site was re-colonized in
is provided in parentheses when available. Download
full-size figures (472 KB PDF).
Figure 2. Tracks of male (red)
and female (yellow) northern elephant seals on their
foraging trips to the North Pacific and Gulf of
Alaska. Animals were tagged by the Tagging of Pacific
Pelagics (TOPP) research group at Año Nuevo
(image courtesy of Dan Costa/UCSC). Download
full-size figures (472 KB PDF).
Figure 3. The location of rookeries
and at-sea sightings of Northern elephant seals
in and around the Monterey Bay, Gulf of the Farallones
and Cordell Banks National Marine Sanctuaries.5 Download
full-size figures (472 KB PDF).
Figure 4. Estimated number
of northern elephant seal births in California 1958-20011 Download
full-size figures (472 KB PDF).
Figure 5. Graph showing
the rapid growth of the elephant seal population at the Piedras
Blancas rookery in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.9,10 Total
populations size (gray bars) the number of pups born (green
bars) are provided. Download
full-size figures (472 KB PDF).
For Website comments/questions, use the comments form.
For programmatic comments and questions, contact the appropriate SIMoN staff. Privacy Policy Statement.
and Twitter 
