Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary is known as a spectacular, yet challenging, destination for viewing marine wildlife - both seabirds and marine mammals. The challenge is due to its distance offshore as well as the rough ocean conditions often encountered.

The sanctuary has diverse and abundant marine mammal assemblages, including 23 species of cetacean (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and five species of pinniped (seals and sea lions). For instance:

• Pacific white-sided dolphins are one of the most abundant marine mammals in the sanctuary.
• Other abundant cetaceans include Dall's porpoises, which are often found in the company of northern right-whale dolphins.
• Humpback and blue whales are regularly seen in the summer and fall, when they visit the sanctuary to feed.

• California sea lions are one of the most abundant pinnipeds in the sanctuary. They are seasonally most abundant from the summer through early spring, when they are not in their breeding grounds on the Channel Islands and Año Nuevo.
• Other mammals include Risso's dolphins, northern fur seals, northern elephant seals, Steller sea lions, beaked whales, harbor porpoises, minke whales and killer whales.

As with seabirds and fishes, the composition of the sanctuary's marine mammal community is a mix of permanent and seasonal residents as well as species that use these waters for shorter periods - either as a feeding destination or in transit during long-distance migratory journeys.

California's central coast is located on a migration pathway between northern feeding grounds and temperate and tropical breeding areas for many marine mammal species. For example, gray whales traverse these waters on their annual migrations between Arctic feeding grounds and Mexican breeding areas; however, in some years, many gray whales will also over-summer in the sanctuary to feed.

Blue and humpback whales are seasonally abundant, migrating into the sanctuary during late spring, summer and fall to feed in its productive waters. Northern fur seals and California sea lions are also seasonally abundant, coming here to forage during the fall through the spring. Smaller cetaceans (e.g., several dolphin and porpoise species) exhibit high variability in distribution, likely associated with local changes in oceanographic conditions and prey abundance.

Resident breeding pinnipeds include northern fur seals, Steller sea lions, harbor seals and northern elephant seals. A few California sea lions breed on the Farallon Islands. Cetaceans that likely breed in sanctuary waters include harbor porpoises and minke whales; cetaceans that have been seen with calves here include gray whales, humpback whales, Dall's porpoises, Risso's dolphins and Pacific white-sided dolphins.

The great productivity of sanctuary waters is caused by annual upwelling cycles that pull nutrients from deep-ocean environments into the water column, followed by relaxation periods when winds cease and surface waters warm. These nutrients are then consumed by planktonic organisms that support the entire food chain and make the sanctuary a rich feeding ground for many marine species.

Baleen whales, such as humpback and minke whales, feed mainly on krill and small schooling fishes, which are abundant within Cordell Bank's upwelling-driven ecosystem. In contrast, toothed whales and pinnipeds feed mainly on fishes and squid here.

Sanctuary waters are important to several marine mammal species that are considered of special concern because of their reduced or declining populations. These population conditions may be the result of environmental change, habitat degradation, disease, human exploitation, interspecies competition or a combination of these factors. Of the marine mammals that are often found in the sanctuary, those that are considered special-status species (based on listings by state, federal and international agencies and organizations) include the humpback whale, blue whale, gray whale, northern fur seal and Steller sea lion.

Until recently, most of our understanding of marine mammals came from shore- and boat-based observations. New areas of study include documenting long-range migrations of animals that travel far from shore. These studies are enabled by satellite transmitters attached to pelagic seabirds, mammals, fishes, sharks and turtles.

Human impacts to marine mammal populations worldwide include competition for food with commercial and recreational fisheries, entanglement in fishing gear and other marine debris, disturbance and injury from ocean noise (including vessel traffic, human-generated middle-frequency sonar from military vessels and seismic surveys for oil and gas deposits), and injury or death from ship strikes. Toxins and ocean pollution could also be affecting the health of these animals. In addition, some species, such as the northern right whale, are still recovering from past harvesting or bycatch.

In addition to human impacts, changes in climate and oceanographic conditions affect marine mammals. The prevalence of these animals in sanctuary waters changes from year to year due to fluctuations in marine conditions, including El Niño, Pacific Decadal Oscillations and changes in intensity and timing of upwelling conditions in the spring/summer.

For example, the occurrence of blue whales within the central California region appears to be dependent on the timing and intensity of oceanographic upwelling conditions, which influence the abundance of krill (the primary prey of blue whales) within the area. In addition, variability in the distribution of delphinids ("ocean dolphins") is related to ocean temperature changes.

Monitoring

Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies (ACCESS)
ACCESS is a research partnership to support integrated ocean management in northern and central California. PRBO Conservation Science, Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries have been investigating the spatial and temporal relationships between oceanographic processes, zooplankton, and marine birds and mammals in the region surrounding Cordell Bank and the Gulf of the Farallones. This project has several objectives, including: 1) Understand how the timing, intensity, and duration of upwelling influences the distribution and abundance of euphausiids (better known as krill) thus affecting the distribution and abundance of krill predators in the region; 2) Identify persistent locations of predator and prey aggregations and potential areas of high trophic transfer in the Gulf of the Farallones region that may be associated with bathymetric and hydrographic features; 3) Monitor physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic ecosystem, with the goal of developing indicators of ecosystem health, to understand change on a variety of scales and detect natural and anthropogenic impacts.

Research cruises have been conducted in spring, summer and fall (three to five cruises per year) from 2004 to the present. This study has shown large inter-seasonal and inter-annual differences in lower trophic level abundance as well as predator presence in the sanctuaries. This assessment of the pelagic system specifically meets the sanctuary's mandate to conduct long-term monitoring of the resources within the sanctuary and provides important information for resource protection and management.

CSCAPE: Collaborative Survey of Cetacean Abundance and the Pelagic Ecosystem
CSCAPE is a collaboration between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries and the National Marine Sanctuary Program to assess the abundance and distribution of marine mammals and characterize the pelagic ecosystem off the U.S. West Coast. Cruises are conducted every three years and cover the entire West Coast, from the northern boundary of Washington to the southern boundary of California, including concentrated sampling within the West Coast sanctuaries.

The project has three objectives:

• to conduct a marine mammal assessment survey within approximately 300 nautical miles of the shore, with additional fine-scale surveys within the sanctuary boundaries
• to characterize the pelagic ecosystem within the study area through the collection of underway and station-based biological and oceanographic data, seabird studies and acoustic sampling
• to conduct biopsy sampling and photo-identification studies of special-interest species

Cordell Bank Ocean Monitoring Program
The goal of the Cordell Bank Ocean Monitoring Program (CBOMP) is to characterize and monitor the spatial and temporal variability in the physical and biological components of the pelagic ecosystem in the region surrounding Cordell Bank. Weather and ocean conditions permitting, researchers with Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary conducted single-day cruises monthly (sometimes seasonally) from 2004 to 2010. Data on the abundance of seabirds, marine mammals, other vertebrates and marine debris were collected by trained observers along six 12-kilometer east-west transects centered on Cordell Bank. Physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic system were measured along transects using a CTD (vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, and light levels at set stations), TSG (continuous surface values of salinity, temperature, chlorophyll-a) and echo sounder (continuous measurements of relative abundance of zooplankton).

Data are used to relate the spatial patterns of bird and mammal abundance patterns with oceanographic conditions on a seasonal and annual basis. These data will also be integrated with other west coast sanctuary monitoring programs to understand changes in the central California ocean environment. This assessment of the pelagic system specifically meets the sanctuary's mandate to conduct long-term monitoring of the resources within the sanctuary and provides important information for resource protection and management.

Tagging of Pacific Pelagics (TOPP)
A pilot program of the Census of Marine Life, the Tagging of Pacific Pelagics (TOPP) research project is part of an international endeavor to determine what lives in the world's ocean. TOPP scientists explore the Pacific using satellite-tagged animals to gather data about their world. The results coming from these satellite-based research projects are expanding our understanding of marine wildlife and the role of the sanctuary in their feeding and migratory patterns. Marine mammals that are tagged as part of the TOPP program include elephant seals, California sea lions, blue whales, humpback whales, fin whales and sperm whales.